Higashiyama Akira’s (東山彰良) Japanese Naokishou (直木賞) 2015 winning novel Rye (流) depicts the story about the identity crisis of a seventeen-year-old Taiwanese high school student. Like his protagonist Ye Chiu-sheng (葉秋生) in the novel, Higashiyama Akira was born in Taiwan with a grandfather from Shandong province of China after the Chinese civil war in the end 1940s. Higashiyama, whose Chinese name is Wang Chen-hsu (王震緒), was born 1968 in Taipei City and moved to Japan at five with his family. And as Higashiyama says about his own identity crisis, his protagonist in the novel also shares the same kind of crisis: “I am always an outsider, no stranger to the issue of belonging.” What his character shares with Higashiyama is the conditions of collectivity in constant becoming, just like the English name of the title of this novel suggests “Flow” (流). No stranger to the issue of belonging, both Higashiyama and Ye Chiu-sheng in the novel are the strange subjects in French philosopher Gilles Deleuze’s Anti-Oedipus, who “wandering about over the body without organs, but always remaining peripheral to the desiring-machine.” Furthermore, written in Japanese, Ryu affects readers, with the mystery and fantasy weaving among the yesteryear’s streets and famous buildings, the dress and hair style of high school students during 1970s, the historical events and relations between 20th century Taiwan and China, Taiwanese slangs written in Japanese language, and the search for the ancestral home of the protagonist’s grandfather in China’s Shandong province, creates machinic relations and desires. And the identities of the characters in Ryu are emerged from the intensive flows move between disequilibrium and equilibrium without ever reaching some determinated or fixed point of relation, but always differentiating and flowing.
I. Ye Chiu-Sheng’s Search for the Past
In the introduction, the protagonist Ye Chiu-sheng (葉秋生) goes to China’s Shandong province via Japan, because it is prohibited by Taiwanese government (Republic of China) to have any contact with the communist China. Ye Chiu-sheng’s grandfather, Ye Tsun-lin (葉尊麟), was born in Shandong province and retreated to Taiwan as a Chinese Nationalist soldier after the Chinese Nationalist Party lost the civil war against the Chinese communists. As a frivolous high student who was born and grown up in Taipei, Ye Chiu-sheng witnessed the brutal murder of his grandfather and vowed to find the murderer through this novel. Quingdao, Shandong province, the hometown of Ye Chiu-sheng’s grandfather, is the end of his search for the murderer. As a novel depicting a sensitive man’s search for the answers to the questions which occupies him for his whole life, it can be categorized as a Bildungsroman story. Started with the tragedy of the murder of his grandfather, Ye Chiu-sheng is both disturbed by what he has not experienced (his grandfather’s the mystery in mainland China), and the conflicts with different values in different levels in the society.
The title of the first chapter is “The Death of the Great President and Grandfather.” One should not underestimate the juxtaposition of “the Great President” and the “Grandfather”. “The Great President,” that is, Chiang Kai-shek, who was the leader of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1975, and fives terms of the president of the Republic of China. For many, especially mainlanders (外省人) in Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek is a father figure who leads Chinese people against Japanese invasion during world war II and takes people to Taiwan against the aggression from the Chinese communists. However, decades of rules by Chiang also shapes a particular ideological discourse:
For the Taiwanese kids during that time, the Prestigious Chiang is the God and everything exists because of the old president – watching movie and TV, having American chewing gum, going to school, having three meals a day – all contributed to Kuomintang. No matter the mainlanders who came from mainland China, or the islanders who was born locally and oppressed by mainlanders, are all without exception. During the art class in elementary school, the teacher asks us to make hand puppets. I made an American sheriff, with a yellow star drawn in the chest. Mrs. Yang told me that the star represents the communists and struck my palm fiercely with a stick. Mrs. Yang was a locally born islander. That proves for everyone, Kuomintang represents bright and glorious justice, and the evil communists gangsters must be eliminated. I believed that there is horns grown on Mao Zedong’s head before I grew up (19/16-17, my translation).